Deciphering the reactivity of quinoxaline

This personal account is primarily focused on various functionalization tools for quinoxaline moiety. This bicyclic heterocycle is widespread in natural products, pharmaceutical drugs, agrochemicals and is also one of the core motifs for material science application. Transition metals can induce various reactivity in this benzopyrazine ring viz., C3H functionalization, annulation, spirocyclization, bis-functionalization across C=N bond, etc. Such functionalization enhances the biological activity of the core, thereby underscoring the importance of various synthetic processes. Our group has been actively engaged in developing new sustainable synthetic approaches for the functionalization of quinoxaline using thermal or green energy in the form of visible-light or solar energy. This review summarizes the various synthetic methodologies developed in our laboratory in order to functionalize the quinoxaline moiety.

Publication History

Received: 30 July 2025

Accepted after revision: 08 September 2025

Accepted Manuscript online:
08 September 2025